Income, self-employed

Company model

was inducted from 01.01.2006 and replaces the split-income model. The model is the rules for taxing profit that exceed a free-risk return.

Entrepreneurial income

is a result of the activities of the self-employed person, and is estimated from profit and loss account and balance sheet. Entrepreneurial income is transferred to the tax return and is included in the calculation of ordinary income.

Agriculture deduction

was introduced in 2000 as a deduction from positive entrepreneurial income from farming, market gardening and fur-bearing animal activities. The deduction is associated with the operating unit.

Taxable ordinary income after special deductions

can be defined as the sum of wages, capital income and entrepreneurial income less interest on debt, and different income deductions. Ordinary income after special deductions is the basis for assessing income tax.

Personal income

is a description of income from work personally performed by employees or self-employed persons. Personal income of employed persons is taxable earned income and pensions. Personal income of self-employed persons is an estimated personal income calculated on the basis of the entrepreneurial income from the business corrected for capital items, deductions for calculated capital yield, deduction for wages and salaries and negative personal income. Personal income makes up the basis for calculating the national insurance contribution and surtax.

Assessed taxes

include property and income taxes of municipalities, counties and the central government as well as members' contributions to the National Insurance Scheme after all deductions and reductions in taxes have been deducted.

Risk-free return

is used to reduce personal income. The risk-free return is computed by multiplying the net value of the business assets by a risk-free rate.

Deduction for wages and salaries

Calculated personal income is reduced with a deduction for wages and salaries if wage earners are employed by the business. The deduction for wages and salaries cannot bring the calculated personal income and wages from the enterprise for each active stockholder below a limit set annually, nor can it bring calculated personal income below nil or increase the negative estimated personal income. The deduction is eliminated from 2012.

Utilised negative personal income from previous years

Negative personal income can be carried forward, and is deducted from positive estimated personal income in subsequent years.

A self-employed person

is defined as a person who conducts business at his own account and risk, and is required to document entrepreneurial income as an addition to the tax return form.

The business (enterprise)

of a self-employed person must be clearly separated from the self-employed person as an individual. A self-employed person can operate one or more businesses (enterprises), and a business can be operated by one or more self-employed persons (co-ownership/joint operation/general partnership). The statistics provide statistics on both self-employed persons and their business activities.

Type of main income

indicates what type of income provides the biggest contribution to the self-employed person's total income. The type of main income is not influenced by the working hours of the self-employed person or wage earner. If the largest portion of a self-employed person's income is received from wages and pensions, his/her type of main income is wages and pensions.

The split-income model

is the rules for calculating personal income from business. The split-income model is used for self-employed persons and active shareholders of joint-stock companies. Persons who are participants in participant taxed companies (general partnerships, limited partnership and so on), are covered by the split-income model. In brief, the model splits an enterprise's income into two parts, capital income and personal income. The model was replaced by the company model from 01.01.2006.

Capital yield basis

is a net valuation of the assets of a business. The value of the assets can be set according to various principles, including tax-related value and accounting value. The portion of the income attributed to return on invested capital is calculated from the capital return basis. The calculation is done with a capital return rate adopted for each income year. The remaining income is characterized as calculated personal income (see above).

Industry is mainly defined by the industry of the enterprise of the self-employed/participant as registered by Statistics Norway's Central Register of Establishments and Enterprises. The industry groups can be found from the Standard Industrial Classification or Standard Industrial Classification (SIC2007) in STABAS

National level

Frequency: Annual

Timeliness: The statistics is published about 50 weeks after reference year.

Not relevant.

Statistics files with data from tax returns, depreciation forms, forms for calculating personal income, profit and loss account, and general trading statements that have been through the linking and estimation programs are stored.

The survey shows the effect of the tax system on self-employed persons. The statistics give information on self-employed persons' income and costs from the ordinary tax assessment, which are the basis for calculating the taxable revenues. These include operating income and operating costs from the general trading statement, information on depreciation and depreciation basis from depreciation forms and information on the basis for personal income and capital yields from personal income forms.

The income and property survey for self-employed persons has been conducted annually since fiscal year 1991 for the Ministry of Finance.

Major users are the Ministry of Finance and the research activities in Statistics Norway. Data from the survey are included in tax models and are used for tax research, distribution analyses and various analyses of the split-income model. In addition, the data are used in the national accounts on business activities in the household sector.

No external users have access to the statistics and analyses before they are published and accessible simultaneously for all users on ssb.no at 8 am. Prior to this, a minimum of three months' advance notice is given in the Statistics Release Calendar. This is one of Statistics Norway’s key principles for ensuring that all users are treated equally.

The statistics are related to the Tax Statistics for Personal Taxpayers.

Statistics Act § 2-1, 3-2.

Not relevant.

The population is all physical persons who operate businesses at their own account and risk. The tax return statistics define the population as all persons with entrepreneurial income, entrepreneurial deficits and/or estimated personal income from such business activities, regardless of the size of the entrepreneurial income/loss and the ratio between entrepreneurial income/deficit and other income. The unit of analysis is sole proprietorship (business) and self-employed person.

From the income year 2004 the tables include residents age 17 years or older.

The statistics is based on information from ordinary tax assessment. The data is obtained from the tax offices in the form of copies of tax returns, depreciation forms and forms for calculating personal income for self-employed persons. The classification of industries is based on information from the business register.

From the income year 2009 self-employed persons with operating income under NOK 50 000 are exempt from reporting trading statement.

The sample consists as of income year 2003 of all self-employed persons who has delivered their tax assessment electronically through Altinn.

Mandatory electronic submission of income statement as of 2015

From 2015 onwards, all self-employed must submit their tax information electronically. At the same time, the Directorate of Taxes has launched a simplified reporting solution for self-employed with simple tax relations.

Income statistics for self-employed has until then been a sample survey in which electronically submitted income statements were weighted to give numbers on self-employed in sole proprietorships. Since from this year on we had access to all submitted income statements electronically, the income statement consisted of a full count, with the exception of those with no obligation to dispatch an income statement due to low annual turnover. This change resulted in a minor disruption of the time series, and complicates direct comparisons with previous years. For example, this year there was a considerable increase of over 10 per cent in the number of submitted income statements within arts, entertainment and recreation, education and information and communication.

The data is collected electronically from the Directorate of Taxes. There has been a change in how these data are organized, taking affect from 01.01.2009. This may have influenced the comparability with previous years.

A number of checks and corrections are made to ensure consistency both within a single form, between the main form and the supplementary form and between the tax return data and trading statements. The main part of the checks and revisions are done by automatic procedures.

The sample is weighted (until 2015 figures, see below), and stratified by the industry and the source of the main income (entrepreneurial income or wages and pensions) of the self-employed person. The calculation of weights is detailed in Notater 2001/66: Oddbjørn Haugen, Utrekning av vekter til inntekts- og formuesundersøkingane 1999 (in Norwegian only).

Most of the amounts are estimated at a personal level. Relevant items from the depreciation forms are aggregated at business level, even though parts of the amounts is a part of the husband's/wife's taxable amount.

Not relevant

Not relevant

The statistics is comparable from 1993 to 2002. There have been minor changes in the tax rules for this period, which have influenced the basis and therefore the continuity of the statistics. There were major changes in the forms documenting the self-employed tax assessment in 2003. Self-employed within primary industries were, for example, obliged to deliver separate depreciation forms. As of 2003, all self-employed delivered the same type of depreciation forms, and only one form per person. Several items were shifted to new forms. There were also changes in Statistics Norway's data collection process. Previously, data was collected for a sample of 5 000 self-employed. As of 2003 all self-employed who delivered data by Altinn were included in the data (almost 100 000 self-employed in 2003). As of 2004 transport and communication was split from independent occupations. Also self-employed without industry were not included in independent occupations. From 2012 the social security contribution in primary industries was altered to the same rate as other industries. Therefore it is from 2012 only possible to split type of main income in two: main income from wages and pensions or main income from self-employment.

The primary data are obtained from tax returns and tax return appendices (depreciation forms, forms for calculating personal income, general trading statements, profit and loss accounts and forms for specification of temporary differences). They can contain errors made by the individual taxpayer filling out the form. A number of the errors are discovered and corrected by the tax offices. Our checks uncovers errors when there are logical errors in the forms.

Errors of no practical importance to the tax assessment are frequently not corrected by the tax offices. A number of these errors are corrected by our checks to ensure the most uniform and consistent treatment.

A number of errors in collecting and processing the data are unavoidable. Examples include coding errors, revision errors, data processing errors etc.

Non-response in the survey is caused by inconsistency within the data or absence of important data. Non-response rates are below one per cent.

Variance All sample surveys are associated with uncertainty. In general; the fewer the observations, the less certain the results. Groups with relatively few observations will be very highly influenced by extreme observations, i.e. observations that deviate greatly from the average. Having a full count as of income year 2015, this source of error is eliminated.

Bias The sample includes all self-employed persons delivering their tax assessment by Altinn. Bias among those delivering electronically will give bias in the sample. Having a near full count as of income year 2015, this source of error is eliminated. From income year 2015 onward, delivering the income statement 1 and connected forms is voluntary for sole proprietorships with turnover below NOK 50,000. Those who do deliver are included in the data. Moreover, detailed data from those subject to best judgment tax assessment is unavailable.

Frame errors The quality of the register used for selecting the sample and data from administrative registers also have an impact on the quality of the final result. 

Publishing of this statistics is based on data obtained late in the autumn after the tax assessment is made public and a fair number of tax-related complaints from taxpayers have been dealt with. The published figures do not take into account that some amounts can be changed at a later time due to complaints or that the tax authorities themselves discover errors.

Not relevant