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Key figures
0.0 %
change in median income after tax for all households from 2017 to 2018, in constant prices
| After tax median income | Percentage change2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 2017 - 2018 | 2013 - 2018 | |
| 1Students not included | |||
| 2In constant prices | |||
| All households | 524 200 | 0.0 | -0.2 |
| Singles under 45 years | 303 800 | 0.9 | 0.4 |
| Singles 45-64 years | 339 000 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
| Singles 65 years and older | 274 000 | 0.1 | 1.6 |
| Couples without children, oldest person under 45 years | 629 900 | 1.4 | 0.9 |
| Couples without children, oldest person 45-64 years | 792 100 | 0.8 | 3.1 |
| Couples without children, oldest person 65 years and older | 590 200 | 0.1 | 2.1 |
| Couples with children 0-6 years | 787 700 | 0.5 | -0.4 |
| Couples with children 7-17 years | 918 600 | 0.5 | 1.1 |
| Couples with children, oldest child 18 years and older | 1 029 400 | 0.8 | 2.1 |
| Single mother/father with children 0-17 years | 421 200 | 0.0 | -2.3 |
| Single mother/father with children 18 years and older | 566 600 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
See selected tables from this statistics
Table 1
Registered incomes for households by type of household. Average in NOK.
| 2018 | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All households | Living alone, person under 30 years | Living alone, person 30-44 years | Living alone, person 45-66 years | Living alone, person 67 years and older | Couple without resident children, oldest person under 30 years | Couple without resident children, oldest person 30-44 years | Couple without resident children, oldest person 45-66 years | Couple without resident children, oldest person 67 years and older | Couples with children 0-5 years | Couples with children 6-17 years | Couples with children 18 years and older | Single mother/father with children 0-5 year | Single mother/father with children 6-17 year | Single mother/father with children 18 year and older | Two or more-familiy households | |
| 1Private households consiting of single persons living alone under the age of 18 are not included. | ||||||||||||||||
| 2Couples included married couples, cohabiting couples and registered partners. | ||||||||||||||||
| 3Students not included. | ||||||||||||||||
| 4For recipients of new transitional benefits for single mothers/fathers from April 2014, the benefits will be taxed as wage. From the income year 2015, the benefits are included in Social security benefits. | ||||||||||||||||
| 5Includes recipients of the former private contractual pension scheme (AFP). | ||||||||||||||||
| 6Sickness benfits from the National Insurance Scheme. Holiday payments from sickness benefits are included. | ||||||||||||||||
| 7Other taxable transfers include benefits such as parental benefit, annuity, introduction benefits for newly arrived refugees and qualification benefits (from 2008). | ||||||||||||||||
| 8Other tax-free transfers benefits such as childcare benefit to single parents, lump sum maternity grants, compensation for work injury, education benefit to single parents and received child support managed by public arrangement. Various benefits received by people attending job creating programs are included from 2009. From 2014, extra compensation for recipients of contractual pension (AFP) is included. | ||||||||||||||||
| 9Negative transfers include paid child support managed by public arrangement, paid annuity and mandatory contribution to private pension plan. | ||||||||||||||||
| Income from work (NOK) | 568 800 | 299 700 | 393 100 | 348 400 | 24 700 | 688 100 | 868 700 | 903 000 | 142 200 | 891 300 | 1 184 600 | 1 197 600 | 241 400 | 456 000 | 564 800 | 749 200 |
| Wages and salaries (NOK) | 536 300 | 291 200 | 375 400 | 327 300 | 20 400 | 670 700 | 835 000 | 845 600 | 122 500 | 846 800 | 1 118 000 | 1 121 700 | 232 600 | 435 600 | 533 400 | 697 300 |
| Net income from self-employment (NOK) | 32 500 | 8 500 | 17 700 | 21 100 | 4 300 | 17 400 | 33 600 | 57 500 | 19 800 | 44 500 | 66 600 | 76 000 | 8 800 | 20 400 | 31 400 | 51 800 |
| Property income (NOK) | 45 200 | 5 500 | 12 000 | 27 300 | 25 000 | 12 000 | 23 500 | 95 000 | 69 000 | 41 600 | 82 800 | 92 100 | 10 800 | 23 500 | 31 100 | 44 900 |
| Interest received (NOK) | 5 300 | 1 800 | 1 800 | 3 300 | 5 700 | 4 600 | 4 700 | 7 700 | 12 000 | 4 200 | 4 700 | 8 600 | 1 400 | 2 100 | 4 900 | 5 800 |
| Share dividends received (NOK) | 25 800 | 1 700 | 5 800 | 15 400 | 9 500 | 3 200 | 11 100 | 60 900 | 31 700 | 23 700 | 55 500 | 57 600 | 4 200 | 14 300 | 16 000 | 24 800 |
| Realised capital gains (NOK) | 11 100 | 1 600 | 3 600 | 7 100 | 8 300 | 2 800 | 5 700 | 21 100 | 20 700 | 10 400 | 17 500 | 19 300 | 4 400 | 5 700 | 7 300 | 10 000 |
| Realised capital losses (NOK) | 3 400 | 600 | 1 800 | 2 700 | 2 500 | 1 000 | 3 300 | 5 800 | 5 100 | 3 600 | 4 900 | 5 500 | 1 000 | 1 900 | 2 700 | 4 600 |
| Other capital incomes (NOK) | 6 400 | 1 000 | 2 600 | 4 200 | 4 000 | 2 400 | 5 300 | 11 200 | 9 800 | 6 900 | 10 000 | 12 200 | 1 800 | 3 200 | 5 600 | 8 800 |
| Transfers received (NOK) | 218 700 | 46 200 | 67 800 | 144 500 | 319 800 | 52 800 | 70 500 | 241 600 | 610 000 | 179 600 | 125 200 | 243 700 | 201 700 | 141 400 | 209 300 | 314 000 |
| Taxable transfers (NOK) | 202 100 | 34 600 | 58 300 | 137 600 | 317 400 | 34 700 | 61 100 | 237 800 | 606 700 | 138 200 | 91 200 | 232 700 | 122 600 | 85 300 | 194 500 | 282 300 |
| Social security benefits (NOK)4 | 136 500 | 22 200 | 38 900 | 99 400 | 246 300 | 18 300 | 32 400 | 147 800 | 458 500 | 21 200 | 49 300 | 157 200 | 69 800 | 54 400 | 143 200 | 198 000 |
| Old-age pensions (NOK) | 86 300 | 0 | 0 | 11 100 | 243 100 | 0 | 0 | 42 100 | 432 800 | 300 | 2 600 | 61 100 | 100 | 800 | 52 400 | 107 400 |
| Disability benefits (NOK) | 35 200 | 11 100 | 25 300 | 72 900 | 2 700 | 5 900 | 16 100 | 85 800 | 23 100 | 7 600 | 26 000 | 69 300 | 9 700 | 25 400 | 63 400 | 61 600 |
| Work assessment allowance (NOK) | 13 300 | 11 100 | 13 400 | 13 200 | 200 | 12 300 | 16 300 | 19 300 | 2 200 | 12 300 | 20 100 | 26 400 | 16 700 | 19 400 | 23 800 | 24 200 |
| Service pensions etc. (NOK) | 29 700 | 200 | 700 | 14 200 | 66 200 | 200 | 800 | 35 500 | 123 600 | 1 300 | 7 000 | 29 500 | 1 000 | 5 000 | 21 700 | 32 200 |
| Contractual pension (NOK) | 4 800 | 0 | 0 | 5 000 | 1 900 | 0 | 0 | 18 300 | 16 400 | 0 | 300 | 6 700 | 0 | 100 | 2 300 | 4 300 |
| Contractual pension (AFP) in public sector (NOK)5 | 3 100 | 0 | 0 | 3 500 | 800 | 0 | 0 | 12 300 | 10 900 | 0 | 100 | 4 000 | 0 | 0 | 1 400 | 2 700 |
| Contractual pension (AFP) in private sector (NOK) | 1 700 | 0 | 0 | 1 500 | 1 100 | 0 | 0 | 6 100 | 5 500 | 0 | 200 | 2 700 | 0 | 0 | 900 | 1 600 |
| Unemployment benefits (NOK) | 4 400 | 2 400 | 5 700 | 4 000 | 100 | 3 500 | 7 300 | 5 900 | 700 | 8 100 | 5 700 | 6 800 | 5 700 | 4 000 | 5 300 | 8 000 |
| Sickness benefits (NOK)6 | 16 000 | 5 000 | 9 900 | 14 200 | 400 | 10 500 | 17 500 | 29 000 | 3 800 | 27 700 | 26 000 | 30 700 | 16 700 | 19 200 | 19 900 | 24 400 |
| Other taxable transfers (NOK)7 | 10 700 | 4 700 | 3 200 | 900 | 2 500 | 2 300 | 3 000 | 1 200 | 3 800 | 79 800 | 2 900 | 1 900 | 29 300 | 2 700 | 2 100 | 15 400 |
| Tax-free transfers (NOK) | 16 700 | 11 600 | 9 500 | 6 900 | 2 500 | 18 200 | 9 400 | 3 900 | 3 300 | 41 400 | 34 000 | 11 100 | 79 100 | 56 100 | 14 800 | 31 700 |
| Familiy allowances (NOK) | 6 100 | 100 | 1 200 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 100 | 0 | 21 400 | 21 100 | 1 000 | 24 700 | 23 800 | 1 500 | 9 500 |
| Dwelling support (kr) | 1 100 | 1 800 | 1 700 | 1 400 | 700 | 700 | 700 | 200 | 100 | 1 100 | 500 | 300 | 8 500 | 3 500 | 1 000 | 1 300 |
| Scholarships (NOK) | 2 200 | 3 800 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 13 900 | 4 600 | 100 | 0 | 3 300 | 4 000 | 4 300 | 4 100 | 3 800 | 3 300 | 8 000 |
| Social assistance (NOK) | 2 700 | 4 400 | 4 500 | 3 300 | 200 | 2 000 | 2 100 | 800 | 100 | 3 700 | 2 200 | 1 600 | 16 900 | 7 500 | 3 900 | 4 300 |
| Basic and attendance benefits (NOK) | 1 400 | 500 | 600 | 900 | 900 | 600 | 600 | 900 | 1 200 | 1 600 | 3 300 | 1 800 | 1 500 | 3 100 | 1 700 | 2 400 |
| Cash for care (NOK) | 700 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 700 | 0 | 0 | 4 200 | 0 | 0 | 1 300 |
| Other tax-free transfers (NOK)8 | 2 500 | 1 000 | 700 | 900 | 600 | 1 000 | 1 000 | 1 700 | 1 900 | 4 600 | 2 900 | 2 100 | 19 200 | 14 400 | 3 400 | 4 900 |
| Total income (NOK) | 832 700 | 351 400 | 472 800 | 520 300 | 369 500 | 752 900 | 962 700 | 1 239 700 | 821 200 | 1 112 500 | 1 392 500 | 1 533 500 | 453 900 | 620 900 | 805 200 | 1 108 100 |
| Total assessed taxed and negative transfers (NOK) | 213 100 | 78 700 | 121 900 | 141 200 | 65 900 | 171 800 | 251 700 | 359 400 | 169 000 | 286 400 | 398 700 | 417 800 | 80 100 | 140 100 | 193 000 | 259 300 |
| Assessed taxes (NOK) | 208 200 | 76 900 | 117 900 | 137 100 | 65 700 | 167 500 | 245 000 | 351 700 | 167 900 | 278 600 | 389 200 | 408 500 | 77 100 | 135 200 | 187 700 | 252 800 |
| Negative transfers (NOK)9 | 4 900 | 1 800 | 4 000 | 4 200 | 200 | 4 300 | 6 700 | 7 700 | 1 000 | 7 800 | 9 500 | 9 200 | 2 900 | 4 900 | 5 300 | 6 400 |
| After-tax income (NOK) | 619 600 | 272 700 | 351 000 | 379 000 | 303 600 | 581 100 | 711 000 | 880 300 | 652 300 | 826 100 | 993 800 | 1 115 700 | 373 900 | 480 800 | 612 200 | 848 800 |
| Number of households | 2 398 247 | 164 310 | 203 714 | 309 370 | 275 130 | 50 120 | 65 063 | 213 656 | 246 170 | 227 970 | 258 783 | 118 992 | 25 780 | 84 608 | 63 005 | 91 576 |
Table 2
Property account for households
| 2018 | 2017 - 2018 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average for households with different property holdings (NOK) | Share of households with different property holdings (per cent) | NOK million | Percentage change (NOK million) | |
| 1Students not included. | ||||
| 2All wealth items are based on market value or assumed sales value before any tax valuation discount. | ||||
| 3From 2017 it is possible to own listed shares and mutual fund holdings through a share savings account. | ||||
| Estimated real capital | 3 689 100 | 81.8 | 7 240 066 | 2.6 |
| Estimated market value primary dwelling | 3 666 600 | 69.2 | 6 089 170 | 2.3 |
| Estimated market value secondary dwelling | 2 819 900 | 10.5 | 709 344 | 7.1 |
| Gross financial capital | 1 316 400 | 99.2 | 3 130 853 | 7.2 |
| Bank deposits | 507 600 | 99.1 | 1 206 900 | 4.6 |
| Shares and other securities | 2 876 900 | 19.9 | 1 371 845 | 8.1 |
| Share savings account3 | 409 000 | 13.0 | 127 796 | 49.2 |
| Units of mutual funds | 184 900 | 28.4 | 125 756 | -18.0 |
| Foreign taxable wealth excl. real properties | 415 600 | 3.7 | 36 534 | -15.3 |
| Estimated gross wealth | 4 357 600 | 99.2 | 10 370 919 | 4.0 |
| Debt | 1 726 500 | 85.6 | 3 545 539 | 5.6 |
| Study debt | 241 300 | 25.4 | 146 730 | 6.0 |
| Estimated net wealth | 2 857 800 | 99.6 | 6 825 379 | 3.1 |
| Positive net wealth | 3 663 000 | 80.9 | 7 109 726 | 3.4 |
| Negative net wealth | -635 500 | 18.7 | -284 347 | 10.9 |
| Property taxes | 42 800 | 14.7 | 15 141 | 1.4 |
Table 3
Percentage share of total estimated net wealth, average net wealth and lowest value in decile for households, by deciles
| 2018 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Share of total net wealth (per cent) | Average estimated net wealth (NOK) | Lowest value in decile (NOK) | |
| 1Students not included | |||
| Total | 100.0 | 2 846 000 | .. |
| Decile 1 | -3.9 | -1 099 300 | .. |
| Decile 2 | -0.3 | -86 200 | -253 400 |
| Decile 3 | 0.3 | 73 500 | 1 900 |
| Decile 4 | 1.7 | 486 800 | 215 200 |
| Decile 5 | 3.9 | 1 105 400 | 786 000 |
| Decile 6 | 6.3 | 1 781 700 | 1 432 500 |
| Decile 7 | 9.0 | 2 550 300 | 2 144 600 |
| Decile 8 | 12.4 | 3 524 900 | 2 987 200 |
| Decile 9 | 17.8 | 5 065 100 | 4 141 100 |
| Decile 10 | 52.9 | 15 057 700 | 6 297 200 |
| Top 5 per cent | 39.8 | 22 668 700 | 9 029 900 |
| Top 1 per cent | 22.3 | 63 411 600 | 20 617 500 |
| Top 0,1 per cent | 10.9 | 309 711 200 | 97 192 100 |
Table 4
Measures of income dispersion. Household equivalent income (EU-scale) between persons
| Total population | Total population excluding persons in student households | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gini coefficient | Standard error of the Gini coefficient | P90/P102 | S80/S203 | Gini coefficient | Standard error of the Gini coefficient | P90/P102 | S80/S203 | |
| 1Negative amounts have been set to zero. | ||||||||
| 2Percentile ratio of the 9th and the 1st decile cut-offs. | ||||||||
| 3The ratio of the share of income held by the top 20 per cent of the distribution and the bottom 20 per cent of the distribution. | ||||||||
| 1995 | 0.236 | 0.003 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 0.231 | 0.003 | 2.6 | 3.2 |
| 1996 | 0.245 | 0.004 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 0.240 | 0.004 | 2.6 | 3.4 |
| 1997 | 0.249 | 0.004 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 0.243 | 0.004 | 2.6 | 3.4 |
| 1998 | 0.238 | 0.003 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 0.233 | 0.003 | 2.6 | 3.2 |
| 1999 | 0.242 | 0.004 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 0.236 | 0.004 | 2.6 | 3.3 |
| 2000 | 0.262 | 0.004 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 0.257 | 0.004 | 2.6 | 3.6 |
| 2001 | 0.229 | 0.002 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 0.223 | 0.002 | 2.5 | 3.1 |
| 2002 | 0.264 | 0.004 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 0.258 | 0.004 | 2.6 | 3.6 |
| 2003 | 0.274 | 0.003 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 0.267 | 0.003 | 2.7 | 3.7 |
| 2004 | 0.283 | .. | 2.7 | 4.1 | 0.276 | .. | 2.6 | 3.8 |
| 2005 | 0.327 | .. | 2.8 | 4.8 | 0.319 | .. | 2.7 | 4.5 |
| 2006 | 0.243 | .. | 2.8 | 3.5 | 0.235 | .. | 2.6 | 3.3 |
| 2007 | 0.252 | .. | 2.8 | 3.7 | 0.244 | .. | 2.7 | 3.5 |
| 2008 | 0.248 | .. | 2.8 | 3.6 | 0.240 | .. | 2.7 | 3.4 |
| 2009 | 0.241 | .. | 2.8 | 3.5 | 0.231 | .. | 2.6 | 3.3 |
| 2010 | 0.245 | .. | 2.8 | 3.6 | 0.236 | .. | 2.6 | 3.3 |
| 2011 | 0.247 | .. | 2.8 | 3.6 | 0.237 | .. | 2.7 | 3.4 |
| 2012 | 0.249 | .. | 2.9 | 3.7 | 0.239 | .. | 2.7 | 3.4 |
| 2013 | 0.250 | .. | 2.9 | 3.7 | 0.241 | .. | 2.7 | 3.4 |
| 2014 | 0.256 | .. | 2.9 | 3.8 | 0.247 | .. | 2.8 | 3.5 |
| 2015 | 0.271 | .. | 3.0 | 4.0 | 0.263 | .. | 2.8 | 3.8 |
| 2016 | 0.261 | .. | 3.0 | 3.9 | 0.252 | .. | 2.8 | 3.6 |
| 2017 | 0.261 | .. | 3.0 | 3.9 | 0.252 | .. | 2.8 | 3.6 |
| 2018 | 0.260 | .. | 3.0 | 3.9 | 0.251 | .. | 2.8 | 3.6 |
Table 5
Registered incomes for residents. Number of persons with amount. Amount in NOK million.
| 2017 | 2018 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of persons with amount | NOK million | Number of persons with amount | NOK million | |
| 1For recipients of new transitional benefits for single mothers/fathers from April 2014, the benefits will be taxed as wage. From the income year 2015, the benefits are included in Social security benefits. | ||||
| 2Includes recipients of the former private contractual pension scheme (AFP). | ||||
| 3Sickness benfits from the National Insurance Scheme. Holiday payments from sickness benefits are included. | ||||
| 4Other taxable transfers include benefits such as parental benefit, annuity, introduction benefits for newly arrived refugees and qualification benefits (from 2008). | ||||
| 5Other tax-free transfers benefits such as childcare benefit to single parents, lump sum maternity grants, compensation for work injury, education benefit to single parents and received child support managed by public arrangement. Various benefits received by people attending job creating programs are included from 2009. From 2014, extra compensation for recipients of contractual pension (AFP) is included. | ||||
| 6Negative transfers include paid child support managed by public arrangement, paid annuity and mandatory contribution to private pension plan | ||||
| INCOME FROM WORK | 3 126 555 | 1 313 138.6 | 3 153 020 | 1 374 080.3 |
| Wages and salaries | 3 017 563 | 1 234 801.9 | 3 046 433 | 1 295 838.2 |
| Net income from self-employment | 323 385 | 78 336.6 | 317 201 | 78 242.1 |
| PROPERTY INCOME | 4 133 572 | 107 759.4 | 4 173 837 | 109 579.5 |
| Interest received | 4 121 466 | 12 080.8 | 4 160 312 | 12 938.9 |
| Share dividends received | 536 002 | 58 329.9 | 518 217 | 62 414.8 |
| Realised capital gains | 284 278 | 30 847.3 | 243 706 | 26 980.2 |
| Realised capital losses | 125 975 | 9 364.1 | 132 765 | 8 337.4 |
| Other capital incomes | 1 494 531 | 15 865.4 | 1 540 582 | 15 583.0 |
| TRANSFERS RECEIVED | 3 089 816 | 522 141.7 | 3 087 762 | 537 172.5 |
| TAXABLE TRANSFERS | 2 227 616 | 478 352.3 | 2 222 714 | 492 607.2 |
| Social security benefits1 | 1 378 607 | 321 232.2 | 1 394 923 | 333 933.6 |
| Old-age pensions | 869 889 | 202 548.5 | 889 333 | 212 125.1 |
| Disability benefits | 336 442 | 80 688.3 | 348 977 | 85 694.0 |
| Work Assessment Allowance | 189 543 | 33 713.4 | 180 705 | 32 051.1 |
| Service pensions etc | 844 862 | 69 036.4 | 864 064 | 72 377.7 |
| Contractual pension (AFP) | 101 143 | 10 403.2 | 111 920 | 11 447.4 |
| Contractual pension (AFP) in public sector2 | 34 571 | 6 950.8 | 36 182 | 7 482.0 |
| Contractual pension (AFP) in private sector | 66 585 | 3 452.4 | 75 747 | 3 965.4 |
| Unemployment benefits | 147 382 | 13 577.8 | 121 899 | 10 689.4 |
| Sickness benefits3 | 703 665 | 38 216.8 | 699 934 | 38 481.3 |
| Other taxable transfers4 | 265 949 | 25 885.9 | 258 801 | 25 677.7 |
| TAX-FREE TRANSFERS | 1 540 732 | 43 789.4 | 1 535 811 | 44 565.4 |
| Familiy allowances | 709 587 | 14 769.3 | 705 359 | 14 627.0 |
| Dwelling support | 139 682 | 2 793.4 | 127 941 | 2 684.6 |
| Scholarships | 391 996 | 8 449.4 | 394 378 | 9 025.4 |
| Social assistance | 129 995 | 6 451.3 | 130 771 | 6 866.5 |
| Basic and attendance benefits | 166 928 | 3 470.5 | 166 587 | 3 450.7 |
| Cash for care | 45 222 | 1 573.1 | 41 857 | 1 624.5 |
| Other tax-free transfers5 | 270 057 | 6 282.4 | 269 848 | 6 286.8 |
| TOTAL INCOME | 4 382 970 | 1 943 039.7 | 4 419 071 | 2 020 832.3 |
| Assessed taxes and negative transfers | 3 796 584 | 492 319.3 | 3 830 398 | 513 547.6 |
| Assessed taxes | 3 762 141 | 480 946.0 | 3 794 808 | 501 738.3 |
| Negative transfers6 | 1 228 160 | 11 373.3 | 1 248 189 | 11 809.3 |
| AFTER-TAX INCOME | 4 383 205 | 1 450 720.4 | 4 419 307 | 1 507 284.7 |
| NUMBER OF RESIDENTS | 5 295 619 | .. | 5 328 212 | .. |
See all figures from this statistics
About the statistics
Income and wealth statistics for households provide figures for the level, composition, development and distribution of income and wealth. The statistics comprises all monetary income, both taxable and tax-exempt, as well as wealth and debt. The statistics presents the general developments of income and wealth as well as its distribution between household types and other groups.
Definitions
-
The concepts presented here are explained according to how they are used in the statistics. These explanations may differ from the common definitions of the concepts.
Household
A household is regarded as all persons who live permanently in the same dwelling and having common housekeeping. The statistics include only persons in private households. Persons registered as living in institutions are not included.
Student household
A student household is defined as a household where the main income earner is not mainly economically active or in receipt of pensions and benefits, but receives a loan from the State Educational Loan Fund.
Main income earner
The main income earner is the person in the household who has the highest total income before taxes of the income earners in the household. If there is no income earner in the household, the oldest person is defined as the main income earner.
Total income
Total income is the sum of employee, income from self-employment, property income and transfers received. Assessed tax and other negative transfers are not deducted.
After-tax income
After-tax income is calculated as total income minus assessed tax and negative transfers.
Income from work
Income from work is the sum of employee income and net income from self-employment during the calendar year.
Income from self-employment
Income received in self-employment jobs. It primarily concerns the profit or loss from unincorporated enterprises.
Property income
Property income is the sum of interest received, share dividends received, realized capital gains (or losses) and other property income received during the calendar year.
Taxable transfers
Taxable transfers are the sum of pensions and benefits from the social security scheme, public and private employer provided schemes, unemployment benefits, sickness benefits and other taxable benefits.
Tax-free transfers
Tax-free transfers consist of child benefits, dwelling support, scholarships, social assistance, basic and attendance benefit and more.
Child support received through private agreements is not registered, and therefore not included in the statistics.
Assessed taxes and negative transfers
This comprises income tax and wealth tax to the central government and municipalities. Examples of negative transfers are pension contributions in employment and paid child support managed by public arrangement.
Estimated real capital
Estimated value of properties, buildings and constructions, possessions, etc.
Market value is used for primary and secondary dwellings, commercial properties, forests and farms.
Tax value is used for other real estate and private and commercial moveable property.
Primary dwelling
The dwelling where the address of the owner is registered in the National Population Register at the end of the year. Value is set according to assessed market value. A person can only own one primary dwelling. Farmhouses on farms are not regarded as primary dwellings.
Secondary dwelling
A dwelling that a person owns, which is not the primary dwelling. Value is set according to assessed market value. Cabins and holiday properties are not secondary dwellings.
Estimated gross financial capital
Comprises bank deposits, shares, units of mutual funds, share savings accounts, bonds and other securities.
Prior to 2008, appreciation of shares, mutual funds, primary capital certificates etc. were subject to discounts. In the wealth statistics, tax value was applied. Between 2008 and 2016, discounts were not used, and tax value corresponded to market value. From 2017, discounts in the appreciation values were once again used in the taxation of financial wealth. In the wealth statistics, however, tax values have been adjusted upwards so that the appreciation used in the wealth statistics corresponds to market or sales value.
Estimated gross wealth
Sum of estimated real capital and gross financial capital.
Debt
Comprises dept to creditors and share of dept for owners in Building Societies. From 2017, market value of debt is used, including appreciation discounts used in the taxation of debt. Prior to 2017, market value and taxable value of debt were the same.
From 2017 and on the sum of debt was subject to a reduction before subtracting the debt from the wealth estimation when assessing taxation of wealth.
In the Income and wealth statistics for households, the sum of debt before any possible reduction is used in the definition of wealth.
Estimated net wealth
Estimated gross wealth minus debt.
Median income
Median income is the exact income amount that splits a distribution in two equally sized groups, when income is sorted ascending (or descending). The number of persons with income above the median will be the same as the number of persons with income below the median.
Income per consumption unit (equivalent income)
The needs of a household grow with each additional member but not in a proportional way. Needs for housing space, electricity, etc. will not be three times as high for a household with three members than for a single person, due to economy of scale. With the help of equivalence scales each household type in the population is assigned a value in proportion to its needs. The factors commonly considered to assign these values are the number of persons in the household and whether they are adults or children.
Several equivalents scales exist which are used for different purposes. In the Income and wealth statistics for households, the EU scale is applied (see below).
Consumption units calculated according to the EU scale
This is the ‘OECD-modified equivalence scale’ which assigns a value of 1 to the household head, of 0.5 to each additional adult member and of 0.3 to each child under the age of 17.
Consumption units calculated according to the OECD scale
This equivalence scale assigns a value of 1 to the household head, of 0.7 to each additional adult member and of 0.5 to each child under the age of 17.
Low income threshold
The low-income thresholds are defined as a share of median equivalent income after tax. Commonly used shares are 50 or 60 per cent of median income after tax per consumption unit. There is no official low-income threshold in Norway. Statistics Norway calculates different low-income thresholds based on the income level among the total population, and thus is relative to the general income growth and comparable for persons belonging to different household types.
Low-income group
Persons belonging to a household with annual equivalent income below the low-income threshold.
Economically active
A person that has income from employment or self-employment that is greater than twice the Basic Amount of the National Insurance Scheme (so-called "G", or "grunnbeløpet"). For the income year 2010 and earlier, persons with income from employment or self-employment greater than the Minimum Pension for single people were regarded as economically active.
This concept differs from the definition “Employed persons” used in other statistics, which defines whether a person is in employment on a certain time.
Single parents
Persons in the household type "mother/father with children aged 0-17 years".
Old-age pensioners
Persons in households where the main income earner, according to the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration, receives old age pension from the social security system.
Disability pensioners
Persons in households where the main income earner, according to the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration, receives disability pension from the social security system.
Pensioners within the Voluntary Early Retirement Scheme
Persons in households where the main income earner, according to the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration, is in early retirement.
Receivers of survivor's benefits
Persons in households where the main income earner, according to the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration, receives survivor's benefit (after deceased spouse) from the social security system.
Single pensioner, receiver of the minimum state pension
Persons that according to Statistics Norway's Household Income Statistics belong to a single-person household and are in receipt of a special allowance from the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration.
Receivers of work assessment allowance
Persons in households where the main income earner is registered with a longstanding illness. Included are persons in receipt of rehabilitation allowances, persons incapable of full labour force participation, but attend labour market schemes, and others. Up until 2005, persons who were incapable of full labour force participation but who attended programmes initiated by the National Insurance Scheme (e.g. school and work placements), and persons who were receiving vocational rehabilitation allowances, were not included in the statistics.
Long-term unemployed
Persons in households where the main income earner has been registered as unemployed for 6 consecutive months or more during the year.
People on social assistance
Persons in households where the main income earner has received social assistance at least once during the year.
Singles
Persons who are the only person in a household.
Immigrants
Persons in households where the main income earner is born abroad by two foreign-born parents (first-generation immigrant).
Norwegian-born to immigrant parents
Persons in households where the main income earner is born in Norway by two foreign-born parents.
Refugees
Persons in households where the main income earner is immigrated to Norway for refuge reasons.
Persons with refugee background
Persons in households where the main income earner is immigrated to Norway for refuge reasons or immigrated family members of these.
Age
Age (number of years) at the end of the year.
Socioeconomic status
Socioeconomic status is described by type of economic activity (see above). The economically active population, which mainly receive their income from working, is divided into self-employed and employees. If income from self-employment is greater than income from employment, the person is classified as self-employed, and vice versa.
We have the following socio-economic groups:
Working
- Self-employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing
- Self-employed in other industries.
- Employee
Non-working
- Pensioners and National Insurance recipients
- Other non-working
Income sources not included in the income statistics
After-tax income comprises the sum of income from work, property income and transfers, where assessed taxes and negative transfers are deducted. This way of defining income is in accordance with the practical definition recommended in the Canberra report (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2011).
The income statistics cover most of the various monetary income sources. Due to lack of information, the following elements are not included in the statistics although they affect the income level.
- The value of public services, such as public health care and education
- The net value of unpaid domestic services. This include unpaid housework, child care and goods produced for own consumption
- The net value of owner-occupied housing services.
- The net value of services from household consumer durables
- Income withheld from taxation or gained from criminal activities
- Child support received through private agreements
- Rental income when renting out less than 50 per cent of owner-occupied housing
- Municipal subsidy schemes for housing and cash benefits for child care
- Local property taxes are not deducted when estimating after-tax income due to lack of information
- Interest payments are not deducted from after-tax income, although data on this is available. This is done as a rough compensation for not including the value of owner-occupied housing services in the income.
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Types of household are in accordance with standard classifications.
Administrative information
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Name: Income and wealth statistics for households
Topic: Income and consumption
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Division for Income and social welfare statistics
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National level, counties, municipalities and urban districts in the four largest cities.
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Annually. The statistics are released in the last quarter in the year after the statistical year.
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Income data is used in Eurostat's structural indicators on low income and income distribution. Micro data for selected years is also included in the database Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). Income data is also included in the Nordic publication "Social security in the Nordic countries" by the Nordic social committee, and in OECDs Income Distribution Database.
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Data files with individual income data that have gone through the linkage and statistics files are stored
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Background
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The purpose of the statistics is to quantify the economic resources the households have available for saving and consumption. This is a basis for information about essential sides of the state and development of living conditions and welfare in the society, such as:
- Types of income and the size of these
- Wealth and debt – sizes and types
- How income and wealth is distributed between households.
This gives an opportunity to measure economic inequality, estimate the extent of low income, rate of debt, economic activity and other conditions, and study how this varies between types of households, population groups, regions etc.
The Income Distribution Survey was conducted annually from 1986 to 2004 based on a representative sample survey. Information on the household composition was collected from various Living Condition Surveys and Household Budget Surveys. Up until 1992, the income data was obtained in the form of paper forms from the local tax offices. In addition, tax-free transfers were obtained electronically from other government agencies. Beginning with the survey for the 1993 income year, it was possible to obtain all income data from the personal tax return in electronic form. From 2005 we have also established household composition by using registers. This means that we are now able to produce a totally register-based household income statistics
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The main users are the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Ministry of Children and Families, the Norwegian Directorate of Health, the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration, local and regional authorities and research institutes in the areas of household economics, tax research and living conditions in general.
The tax model “LOTTE”, which is operated by Statistics Norway and is used for simulation of taxes and in tax research is updated annually with data from the Income and wealth statistics for households.
The data sources are very detailed and are therefore capable of providing other arrangements and allocations of statistics than those that are published by Statistics Norway.
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No external users have access to the statistics and analyses before they are published and accessible simultaneously for all users on ssb.no at 8 am. Prior to this, a minimum of three months' advance notice is given in the Statistics Release Calendar. This is one of Statistics Norway’s key principles for ensuring that all users are treated equally.
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Tax statistics for personal tax payers is an important data source for the statistics on income and wealth for households. The tax statistics include data from all the records in the tax return and is obtained for all persons residing in the country. The statistics have been available as total census based on registers from the year 1993 and on.
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Statistics Act of 1989 §§ 2-1 and 3-2.
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None
Production
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All persons residing in Norway and resident in a private household as of 31st December of the income year.
From 2013, residents studying abroad are also excluded from the households.
The totally register-based income statistics as of 2004 is a total census. Households are derived at after performing certain adjustments to the formal households (formal address according to the National Population Register). These adjustments include omitting people living in institutions and moving students, that no longer reside with their parents, to single person households. Surveys suggest that less than 10 per cent of the students in Norway actually live at home. In addition, other administrative sources are used to identify more cohabitating couples that belong to the same household.
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Income data is received by linking different administrative registers and statistical data sources for the whole population as of 31st of December of the income year. Income and biographical data is collected from the following sources:
- Data from tax returns (wages and salaries, self-employment income, pensions etc.)
- The Tax Register (taxes)
- The a-ordning (unemployment benefit, various tax-free transfers)
- Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (family allowances, basic and additional amounts, cash benefit etc.)
- KOSTRA (social assistance)
- State Educational Loan Fund (loans to students, scholarships)
- Education statistics and household statistics from Statistics Norway (highest level of completed education etc.)
- Sample survey in the period 1986-2004. From 2004 totally census-based.
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Data are collected from various administrative registers.
Consistency controls are undertaken by comparing information from different sources.
The population of the Income Distribution Survey (1986-2004) was weighted by the use of a calibration program. This method of estimation permits the population to show the same aggregates familiar from the register statistics (for the population) for selected variables. This applies to the different personal incomes and net wealth.
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Not relevant
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Application and storage of data follow the requirements given in the Statistics act to ensure that sensitive information is not improperly disclosed.
If a variable is classified so that it contains fewer than 11 observations, numbers are not published for this classification.
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The Income and wealth statistics has gone through several significant changes through the years. This is due to changes in the income concept, as a result of changes in the tax system and access to new income components from registers.
The estimation of household wealth has also changed over the years, according to changing tax rules and available data and methods for estimating market value for various wealth components. From 2010 and on, for example, Statistics Norway has been able to estimate market value for primary and secondary dwellings in Norway.
Accuracy and reliability
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Some data collection and processing errors are unavoidable. These include coding errors, revision errors, data processing errors, etc. Comprehensive efforts have been made to minimize these errors, and we regard these types of errors to be relatively insignificant.
Sources of error and uncertainty before 2005
From and including the income year 2005, these statistics are based on a total census and will not be affected by variance and bias. For previous years with survey-based statistics, the following is of relevance:
All sample surveys are subject to a certain amount of uncertainty. In general; the fewer observations the more uncertain the results. Results based on less than 20 observations are therefore not published.
Groups based on relatively few observations will be very strongly influenced by extreme observations, i.e. observations that deviate greatly from the average. In this statistics, extreme observations in most cases are included, but an attempt has been made to reduce the effect of such observations by adjustments (reduction) of the household weights.
Bias can occur when the distribution between certain groups in the sample is not the same as the corresponding distribution in the total population. Sample bias of this type can occur through non-response. Most of the data for the Income Distribution Survey was obtained from administrative registers. Non-response is not a problem for this part of the material. The household composition was based on interviews, where there will always be non-response. Non-response is adjusted by replacing household data with data on family composition from registers.
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Not relevant
Contact
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Jon Epland
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Elisabeth Løyland Omholt
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Christian Brovold