From the first quarter of 2025, the Cost Index for Domestic Sea Transport is calculated using new weight sets, and the reference period has been moved to the fourth quarter of 2024. Old index values are available in tables 14546, 14547, and 14548 ("Closed time series"). The new weight sets are described in "About the statistics."
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Cost index for domestic sea transport
The cost indices describe the price development for input factors within inland water transport. In addition to the total index for the whole industry, sub-indices for 5 different types of vessels are also presented. The index ignores gains in productivity and changes in profit margins.
Selected figures from these statistics
- Cost Indices for Domestic Shipping (Q4 2024 = 100)Download table as ...Cost Indices for Domestic Shipping (Q4 2024 = 100)
1st quarter 2025 1st quarter 2025 1st quarter 2025 Cost index Last quarter change (per cent) Last year change (per cent) Total index 101.5 1.5 2.9 Vessels Ferries 101.2 1.2 3.2 Small passenger boats 101.4 1.4 3.0 Large passenger boats 102.3 2.3 3.7 Tugs 100.0 0.0 4.1 Other cargo ships 102.7 2.8 3.0 Costs Fuel 108.7 8.7 4.7 Crew 97.4 -2.6 2.7 Repair and maintenance 103.5 3.5 4.3 Administrative 100.0 0.0 4.3 Other 100.8 0.8 3.1 Capital costs - Depreciation 103.5 3.5 6.9 Capital costs - Financing 97.5 -2.5 -2.6 Figures for capital costs – financing were corrected 5 October 2023. Explanation of symbolsDownload table as ... - Domestic sea transport. Cost indices without fuel component (4th quarter 2024=100)Download table as ...Domestic sea transport. Cost indices without fuel component (4th quarter 2024=100)
1st quarter 2025 Cost index Last quarter change (per cent) Last year change (per cent) Total index 99.7 -0.3 3.3 Vessel Ferries 99.7 -0.3 3.9 Small passenger boats 99.7 -0.4 3.7 Large passenger boats 99.6 -0.4 3.7 Tugs 98.6 -1.4 3.8 Other cargo ships 101.2 1.2 3.6 Costs Crew 97.4 -2.6 2.7 Repair and maintenance 103.5 3.5 4.3 Administrative 100.0 0.0 4.3 Other operational costs 100.8 0.8 3.1 Capital costs - Depreciation 103.5 3.5 6.9 Capital costs - Financing 97.5 -2.5 -2.6 Figures for capital costs – financing were corrected 5 October 2023. Explanation of symbolsDownload table as ...
About the statistics
The information under «About the statistics» was last updated 10 June 2025.
Weights, vessel groups, and cost groups
The cost distribution for the various vessel groups is based on the characteristics of representative vessels and is derived from cost analyses conducted by Statistics Norway.
The statistics consist of the following vessel groups:
- Ferries
- Small passenger boats
- Large passenger boats
- Tugs
- Other cargo ships
Costs are divided into the following cost groups:
- Crew
- Repair and maintenance
- Fuel
- Administrative
- Other
- Capital costs - Depreciation
- Capital costs - Financing
From the 4th quarter of 2021, alternative fuels are included in the index.
- Natural gas (LNG)
- NO1 Electricity Southeast Norway
- NO2 Electricity Southwest Norway
- NO3 Electricity Central Norway
- NO4 Electricity Northern Norway
- NO5 Electricity Western Norway
Vessel groups
Ferries are vessels transporting cars and/or passengers within the domestic road network. Passenger boats are vessels transporting passengers domestically. These vessels are typically high-speed crafts providing transportation services in a specific area. Passenger boats are divided into small and large passenger boats. This is because the international code of safety for high-speed crafts has different rules for small passenger boats (shorter than 24 meters) compared to large passenger boats. Thus, the distribution of costs for small and larger vessels will differ. Cruise ships are defined as passenger vessels with the primary purpose of providing a tourist experience and sleeping accommodations. Cruise ships were removed from the cost index in 2016.
Tugs are vessels that do not directly transport goods or passengers but offer service in ports or along the coast. Other cargo ships are vessels transporting goods.
Cost groups
Fuel costs are expenses directly connected to the consumption of fuel. From the 2nd quarter of 2009 until and including the 4th quarter of 2016 fuel costs are measured without taxes. From the 1st quarter of 2017 fuel costs include taxes on CO2 and sulfur emissions. Crew costs are all expenses related to sailors. From the 2nd quarter of 2017, crew costs include additional cost components, such as regular and irregular supplements to wages, overtime pay, bonuses, and holiday pay. Repair and maintenance costs are costs connected to the reparation and maintenance of vessels. Administrative costs encompass back-office expenses. The remaining operating costs are grouped into other costs.
Capital costs are costs incurred on the purchase of real capital goods. By having capital tied up in fixed assets, real capital, the costs can be divided into depreciation (Capital wear) and financing costs (interest costs). Depreciation is related to costs incurred due to wear or a decrease in the value of fixed assets. In accounting, this corresponds to amortization. Financing costs are the compensation resulting from the fact that capital is displayed. Liabilities are split into debt and equity capital. The cost index does not include the payment to equity capital and capital costs relating to financing has its accounting parallel to expenses for debt service.
Not relevant.
Cost index for domestic sea transport
Transport and tourism
Division for energy, environmental and transport statistics
Domestic
The statistic is quarterly and is published 90 days after the end of the quarter.
Not relevant
Microdata, information from the sample, and cost observation units are temporarily stored in the high-level language SAS program. For the long term, data is stored as text files.
The statistic describes the price development for input factors connected to domestic water transport. The published index consists of one aggregate index for the industry as a whole as well as five sub-indices for different vessel types. Gains in productivity and changes in profit margins are not taken into account.
The index was requested at an advisory group meeting for sea transport in 2008. In addition to its primary use, the index contributes to Statistics Norway's portfolio of economical statistics and is used within the agency as quality control for other similar statistics.
The development of the index started in 2008 and was financed by the Norwegian Public Road Administration and the Federation of Norwegian Coastal Shipping. Data collection and the first version of the index were first published in the second quarter of 2009.
The cost index is developed in cooperation with the Norwegian Public Road Administration as well as various maritime transportation companies represented through the Federation of Norwegian Coastal Shipping.
The costs of operating the index are financed by the Ministry of Transport.
The cost index is primarily used by private and public transport companies to regulate long-term contracts. It is also used by the National Accounts.
Statistics Norway uses the cost index as quality control for other statistics, for example, the Operating survey for vessels in water transport and Statistics Norway's structural business statistics.
Not relevant.
The analyzed units are companies within domestic water transport.
Classification according to the Standard Industrial Classification. SIC2007:
- 50.102 Scheduled long-distance passenger transport in coastal waters.
- 50.109 Other passenger transport in coastal waters.
- 50.202 Freight coastal transport.
- 50.203 Tugs
The industry subclass "50.204 Supply and other sea transport offshore services is not included in the sample.
Data sources
Crew costs are collected by the Division for Income and Wage Statistics and are part of the Index of labor costs. The sub-indices for ferries and large and small passenger boats are connected to the industry subclass 50.102. Cargo ships are connected to industry subclass 50.202. Tugs are connected to industry subclass 50.203.
Repair and maintenance costs are collected by questionnaire. Norwegian ship repair companies are asked to report hourly rates for services regarding boat reparation.
The questionnaire used for repair and maintenance is RA-0677 Agreed or contracted man-hour rate for repair and maintenance of vessels. The questionnaire is distributed after the end of each quarter with a one-month deadline.
Prices on fuel data are collected from the Division for Price Statistics. Fuel prices are collected from the largest fuel companies. The data is used in the production of the Price index of first-hand domestic sales.
Electricity prices are collected from NordPool. The prices are day-ahead values and are collected for all pricing areas available in Norway. The data does not include grid rent or public charges.
Natural gas prices are collected from ICE endex - Dutch TTF. The prices include CO2 taxes and a fixed surcharge of 14 euro/MWh. The surcharge represents transport costs.
Administration costs are measured by following the development for labor costs within industries within the industry subclass: professional, scientific, and technical activities.
Other operational costs are collected through the Consumer price index from the 2nd quarter of 2009 until and including the 4th quarter of 2016. From the 1st quarter of 2017, the sub-index for other operational costs uses the consumer price index excluding energy products (CPI-AE).
Capital cost in terms of depreciation is measured by the use of the Producer price index for investment goods. For the calculation of capital cost, in terms of interest rate, the 3-month nominal NIBOR (Norwegian Inter-Bank Offered Rate) is used. The NIBOR rates are published by NoRe and are available here.
Controls of the price data are done by juxtaposition. The statistic producer confirms large deviations between periods for the internally generated price measures, and with the reporting enterprises for the data collected by the questionnaire for repair and maintenance.
Weights
The vessel types included in the index have different cost profiles. This means that the significance of each cost category varies within each vessel group. Separate weights for the cost categories within each vessel group make it possible to create individual indices for each vessel type.
For the period from the 2nd quarter of 2009 to the 4th quarter of 2016, the weights were based on the 2006 Operating Survey for Short Sea and Domestic Shipping. The data were supplemented and cross-checked with more recent operating surveys, annual accounts, and historical cost data from the Norwegian Public Roads Administration and various county authorities.
For the period from the 1st quarter of 2017 to the 4th quarter of 2021, the weights were based on industry-specific tax returns, supplemented by questionnaire surveys conducted with the largest enterprises in the sector.
From the 1st quarter of 2022, the weights were calculated by adjusting the 1st quarter 2017 weights for price changes. An overview of the current weights and more details is provided in the section "Data collection, editing, and calculations."
From the 1st quarter of 2025, the weights are calculated based on a cost survey conducted among relevant enterprises in domestic sea transport. The survey is based on accounting figures from 2023.
Weights for the period from the 2nd quarter of 2009 to the 4th quarter of 2016.
The weights for aggregating to a total index used between the 2nd quarter of 2009 and the 4th quarter of 2016:
Ferries | Small passenger vessels with high-speed craft | Larger passenger vessels with high-speed craft | Cruise vessels | Other cargo vessels | Tow vessels | |
Distribution of costs | 30.0 | 5.0 | 13.3 | 26.7 | 21.0 | 4.0 |
The weights used between the 2nd quarter of 2009 and the 4th quarter of 2016:
Ferries | Small passenger boats | Larger passenger boats | Cruiseships | Other cargo ships | Tugs | |
Fuel costs | 17.3 | 16.5 | 19.0 | 10.5 | 19.3 | 15.0 |
Crew costs | 43.0 | 38.2 | 47.5 | 18.8 | 35.8 | 46.2 |
Repair and maintenance costs | 9.4 | 8.3 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 11.0 | 8.7 |
Administrative costs | 3.3 | 7.2 | 3.5 | 17.4 | 5.0 | 8.8 |
Other costs | 8.1 | 13.1 | 9.0 | 32.2 | 6.9 | 4.0 |
Capital cost &– depreciation | 13.0 | 11.5 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 15.1 | 11.9 |
Capital cost - financing | 5.9 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 6.9 | 5.4 |
Sum | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Weights for the period from the 1st quarter of 2017 to the 4th quarter of 2021.
The cost weights used for the period from the 1st quarter of 2017 to the 4th quarter of 2021 were estimated based on income statements and survey data from the largest Norwegian companies in domestic sea transport. These data were used to calculate the operational costs of a representative vessel within each vessel group.
The operational costs were then supplemented with model-based estimates of capital costs. Capital costs were derived using a model that accounts for new vessel prices, asset lifetimes, residual values, and real interest rates. Depreciation was calculated assuming linear amortization based on the cost of new vessels.
The weights for aggregating to a total index used between the 1st quarter of 2017 and the 4th quarter of 2021:
| Ferries | Small passenger boats | Large passenger boats | Other cargo ships | Tugs | |
| Distribution of costs | 41,0 | 4,2 | 7,2 | 38,4 | 9,2 |
The weights used between the 1st quarter of 2017 and the 4th quarter of 2021:
| Ferries | Small passenger boats | Large passenger boats | Other cargo ships | Tugs | |
| Fuel | 18,8 | 21,0 | 23,0 | 24,5 | 8,6 |
| Crew | 39,6 | 33,3 | 32,2 | 34,6 | 43,1 |
| Repair and maintenance | 9,7 | 11,9 | 10,0 | 11,1 | 13,6 |
| Administrative costs | 5,5 | 3,8 | 7,3 | 4,9 | 10,8 |
| Other operational costs | 10,3 | 13,5 | 12,3 | 8,7 | 1,7 |
| Capital costs - Deprecation | 11,3 | 12,5 | 10,9 | 11,3 | 13,1 |
| Capital costs - Financing | 4,9 | 3,9 | 4,2 | 4,8 | 9,0 |
| Sum | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 |
From the 1st quarter of 2017 sub-indices for vessel types are also published without the fuel component. In practice, this means that the weight of all other cost groups increases.
The weights used between the 1st quarter of 2017 and the 4th quarter of 2021 for the cost index without fuel costs:
| Ferries | Small passenger boats | Large passenger boats | Other cargo ships | Tugs | |
| Fuel | - | - | - | - | - |
| Crew | 48,8 | 42,2 | 41,9 | 45,9 | 47,2 |
| Repair and maintenance | 12,0 | 15,1 | 12,9 | 14,7 | 14,9 |
| Administrative costs | 6,7 | 4,8 | 9,5 | 6,5 | 11,9 |
| Other operational costs | 12,6 | 17,1 | 16,0 | 11,5 | 1,9 |
| Capital costs - Depreciation | 13,9 | 15,8 | 14,2 | 15,0 | 14,3 |
| Capital costs - Financing | 6,0 | 4,9 | 5,5 | 6,4 | 9,8 |
| Sum | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 |
Weights for the period from the 1st quarter of 2021 to the 4th quarter of 2024.
The weights used from the 1st quarter of 2022 are based on the same data as the previous weights from 2017. However, the weights have been adjusted to account for structural changes in the industry. For more information please contact us.
| Ferries | Small passenger boats | Large passenger boats | Other cargo ships | Tugs | |
| Distribution of costs | 41,0 | 4,2 | 7,2 | 38,4 | 9,2 |
The current wights used in the cost index starting from the first quarter of 2022:
| Ferries | Small passenger boats | Large passenger boats | Other cargo ships | Tugs |
| Fuel | 23,5 | 24,6 | 27,6 | 29,6 | 10,4 |
| Crew | 38,3 | 32,5 | 31,0 | 32,3 | 43,1 |
| Repair and maintenance | 9,2 | 11,5 | 9,5 | 10,3 | 13,7 |
| Administrative costs | 5,3 | 3,7 | 7,1 | 5,0 | 11,0 |
| Other operational costs | 9,5 | 12,8 | 11,5 | 7,9 | 1,7 |
| Capital costs - Depreciation | 10,8 | 12,1 | 10,4 | 11,7 | 13,1 |
| Capital costs - Financing | 3,3 | 2,6 | 2,8 | 3,1 | 6,3 |
| Sum | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 |
The current wights used in the cost index starting from the first quarter of 2022 for the cost index without fuel costs:
| Ferries | Small passenger boats | Large passenger boats | Other cargo ships | Tugs |
| Fuel | - | - | - | - | - |
| Crew | 50,4 | 46,2 | 44,7 | 47,4 | 50,0 |
| Repair and maintenance | 11,9 | 14,5 | 12,8 | 14,9 | 14,9 |
| Administrative costs | 6,9 | 4,7 | 9,4 | 6,6 | 12,0 |
| Other operational costs | 12,5 | 16,1 | 15,4 | 11,4 | 1,8 |
| Capital costs - Depreciation | 14,0 | 15,2 | 13,9 | 15,1 | 14,3 |
| Capital costs - Financing | 4,3 | 3,3 | 3,8 | 4,5 | 6,9 |
| Sum | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 |
Weights from the 1st quarter of 2025.
| Ferries | Small passenger boats | Large passenger boats | Other cargo ships | Tugs |
| Distribution of costs | 44,6 | 6,6 | 17,0 | 15,4 | 16,4 |
Weights for vessels using EP046712 marine gas oils as fuel, effective from the 1st quarter of 2025:
| Ferries | Small passenger boats | Large passenger boats | Other cargo ships | Tugs |
| Fuel | 17,14 | 19,08 | 29,27 | 20,47 | 14,00 |
| Crew | 34,43 | 34,01 | 29,67 | 31,37 | 43,92 |
| Repair and maintenance | 11.63 | 10,62 | 8,61 | 12,33 | 16,51 |
| Administrative costs | 6,07 | 8,05 | 6,66 | 6,02 | 8,16 |
| Other operational costs | 9,79 | 10,77 | 9,59 | 9,02 | 4,22 |
| Capital costs - Depreciation | 12,66 | 11,22 | 10,10 | 10,86 | 11,52 |
| Capital costs - Financing | 8,28 | 6,25 | 6,11 | 9,93 | 1,6 |
| Sum | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 |
Weights for vessels using EP032 Natural Gas (LNG) as fuel, effective from the 1st quarter of 2025:
| Ferries | Small passenger boats | Large passenger boats | Other cargo ships | Tugs |
| Fuel | 30,10 | 19,08 | 29,27 | 20,47 | 14,00 |
| Crew | 25,14 | 34,01 | 29,67 | 31,37 | 43,92 |
| Repair and maintenance | 10,27 | 10,62 | 8,61 | 12,33 | 16,51 |
| Administrative costs | 5,86 | 8,05 | 6,66 | 6,02 | 8,16 |
| Other operational costs | 8,07 | 10,77 | 9,59 | 9,02 | 4,22 |
| Capital costs - Depreciation | 11,47 | 11,22 | 10,10 | 10,86 | 11,52 |
| Capital costs - Financing | 9,10 | 6,25 | 6,11 | 9,93 | 1,6 |
| Sum | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 |
Weights for vessels using EP07_NO1/NO5 electricity as fuel, effective from the 1st quarter of 2025:
| Ferries | Small passenger boats | Large passenger boats | Other cargo ships | Tugs |
| Fuel | 10,11 | 19,08 | 29,27 | 20,47 | 14,00 |
| Crew | 31,04 | 34,01 | 29,67 | 31,37 | 43,92 |
| Repair and maintenance | 8,24 | 10,62 | 8,61 | 12,33 | 16,51 |
| Administrative costs | 7,01 | 8,05 | 6,66 | 6,02 | 8,16 |
| Other operational costs | 8,72 | 10,77 | 9,59 | 9,02 | 4,22 |
| Capital costs - Depreciation | 20,08 | 11,22 | 10,10 | 10,86 | 11,52 |
| Capital costs - Financing | 14,79 | 6,25 | 6,11 | 9,93 | 1,6 |
| Sum | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 |
Weights for vessel types without a fuel component, effective from the 1st quarter of 2025:
| Ferries | Small passenger boats | Large passenger boats | Other cargo ships | Tugs |
| Fuel | - | - | - | - | - |
| Crew | 42,04 | 41,92 | 41,96 | 40,21 | 51,21 |
| Repair and maintenance | 14,37 | 13,18 | 12,10 | 15,37 | 19,28 |
| Administrative costs | 7,32 | 10,01 | 9,45 | 7,18 | 9,47 |
| Other operational costs | 11,62 | 13,56 | 13,21 | 9,70 | 5,04 |
| Capital costs - Depreciation | 14,95 | 13,77 | 14,46 | 14,00 | 13,12 |
| Capital costs - Financing | 9,69 | 7,55 | 8,82 | 13,56 | 1,87 |
| Sum | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 |
The Index calculation consists of several steps:
1. Determining weights
2. Collecting prices
3. Calculating elementary indices
4. Aggregation based on vessels, costs, or total index
The elementary indices are calculated as the geometrical averages of the price relatives in the cost groups. With 5 vessel groups and 7 cost groups, we obtain 42 elementary indices. Aggregation to sub-indices and a total index for the industry is based on the Laspeyres method.
Notice that calculating the total index for a vessel type using published figures for periods before the 1st quarter of 2022 will not result in the same figures as published. This is due to the method used for chaining the index before the 4th quarter of 2021. This is not an issue for later periods.
Also note that the published figures for crew costs are an arithmetic average for passenger vessels, tugs, and cargo vessels. This partial index can therefore not be used in a manual calculation for the total index for a type of vessel. If you want to do this calculation manually, please contact us.
No data can ascribe to a given enterprise. There are two reasons for this. These are:
1. The weights for the distribution of costs should reflect a representative vessel.
2. The weights for the capital costs are model-based and are not equal to those found in financial accounts.
Changes from 2017
The calculation method of the index was updated in the 1st quarter of 2017, with new weights. The reference period was changed to the 4th quarter of 2016. As a part of the update, the periods before the 4th quarter of 2016 were chained, using the new reference period as 100. This secures comparability over time before and after the update.
The index values for the 4th quarter of 2018 and the 1st quarter of 2019 were corrected on September 20th, 2019. The adjustments were due to errors in the calculation of the index following a change in the production system of the index. More detailed information about the adjustments can be found in the footnotes of tables 11585 and 11586.
Changes from 2021
The index figures for Q3 2020 were corrected on March 24, 2021. The correction was due to an error in the calculation of interest costs. The error resulted in lower index values for all vessel groups in both cost indices. In the cost index where fuel costs are included, the total index and all vessel groups—except for towing and port tug services—experienced a reduction of 0.2 in the index figure after the correction took effect. Towing and port tug services had a decrease of 0.4.
In the index where fuel is not included, the total index and the vessel type large high-speed crafts saw a reduction of 0.3 in the index figure. The vessel types ferry, small high-speed crafts, and other cargo vessels had a reduction of 0.2, while towing and port tug services saw a reduction of 0.5.
The index figure for the cost group capital – interest fell by 3.5.
Changes from 2022
The calculation of the cost index was updated with new weights starting from Q1 2022. At the same time, the reference month was changed to Q4 2021. Previous index values were revised and adjusted to the new reference month. From Q1 2022 onwards, the index will be chained to the reference period instead of being chained to the previous quarter, as was previously the case. This is more accurate, as in theory, the index should only be chained when the weighting basis is updated.
Starting from Q1 2022, the cost group for interest expenses will no longer include an inflation component. The index will now use nominal interest + lending margin when calculating interest costs.
Changes from 2025
The calculation of the cost index was updated with new weights starting from Q1 2025. At the same time, the reference month was changed to Q4 2024.
In the period from Q4 2021 to Q4 2024, electric ferries were calculated using the same weight set as ferries powered by marine gas oil. From 2025 onward, electric ferries are calculated with a separate set of weights based on accounting data for the operation of electric vessels within the price areas NO2–NO5. The new weights are based on accounting data from 2023. Price area NO1 is not included, as no accounting data for electric ferries was available for that area.
During the same period (Q4 2021–Q4 2024), LNG ferries were also calculated using the same weight set as ferries powered by marine gas oil. From 2025 onward, these ferries are calculated with a separate weight set, based on 2023 accounting data for the operation of car ferries using LNG as fuel.
For vessel types such as large high-speed crafts, small high-speed crafts, tugboats and port tug vessels, as well as other cargo vessels, the same weight set continues to be used regardless of fuel type. This is due to a lack of data to calculate specific weights for electric or LNG-powered vessels within these categories.
The measuring or errors must be seen in relation to the simplification that the choice of vessels and group of costs represents.
The adaptation error is assumed to be small.
In case of partial defection or other errors, the reporting company is contacted.
The sample for the calculation of costs for repair and maintenance is chosen from the industry subclass (SN2007 33.150 repair and maintenance of ships). The sample is chosen to cover the largest local kind-of-activity units where these are dominating. The variance is not calculated. The sample of local kind-of-activity units is rotated yearly by replacing units that become discontinued. A source of obliquity may be that larger units are overrepresented in the sample.
For errors in the samples of the different statistics used directly, the main reference is &“About the statistics´´ for these.
It concerns to:
- Crew costs - Labour cost index
- Fuel costs - Price index of first-hand domestic sales
- Administrative costs - Labour cost index
- Other costs - Consumer price index
- Capital costs (depreciation) - Consumer price index
- Capital costs (financing) - Norwegian Interbank and Consumer price index
- 5.4. Other sources of error
Changes may happen over time and the cost structure of enterprises in the sea transport industry. To weigh the price changes correctly the weight basis should at any time reflect the cost picture of vessels in the industry. The weights should be evaluated with some years between.