;2013;2018;2018;2018; Total;Total;Males;Females; Level of education, in total;4117809;4339490;2178565;2160925; Below upper secondary education;1103238;1111540;571085;540455; Upper secondary education;1650483;1603066;862053;741013; Tertiary vocational education;;125788;81089;44699; Higher education, short;887154;1038789;422087;616702; Higher education, long;288512;432346;229202;203144; Of this:;;;;; Ph.D.;28158;44746;25980;18766; Unknown or no completed education;160264;27961;13049;14912; ;Per cent;Per cent;Per cent;Per cent; Below upper secondary education;27.9;25.8;26.4;25.2; Upper secondary education;41.7;37.2;39.8;34.5; Tertiary vocational education;;2.9;3.7;2.1; Higher education, short;22.4;24.1;19.5;28.7; Higher education, long;7.3;10.0;10.6;9.5; Of this;;;;; Ph.D.;0.7;1.0;1.2;0.9;